Normal and Variant Anatomy of the Cervical Spine.

Cervical spine anatomy is complex with multiple anatomic variants that can be mistaken for pathology, especially in the setting of trauma. This article provides a comprehensive anatomic overview, detailing the structure and function of cervical vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles; emphasizing the critical role these structures play in supporting the head, protecting the spinal cord, and enabling neck movement. Using a combination of diagrams and cross-sectional imaging, we will review clinically relevant anatomy, while emphasizing important anatomic variants. This article will serve as a critical reference for clinicians, aiding accurate diagnosis, effective treatment planning, and minimizing surgical risks.