Transverse sinus thrombosis presenting as pseudotumor cerebri.

Background

The economic burden associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and concurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) among patients with COVID-19 is unclear.

Objective

We compared healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and costs in patients with COVID-19 and T2DM and CVD (T2DM + CVD), T2DM only, or neither T2DM nor CVD (T2DM/CVD).

Methods

A retrospective observational study in COVID-19 patients using data from the Healthcare Integrated Research Database (HIRD®) was conducted. Patients with COVID-19 were identified between March 1, 2020, and May 31, 2021, and followed from first diagnosis or positive lab test to the end of health plan enrollment, end of study period, or death. Patients were assigned one of 3 cohorts: pre-existing T2DM+CVD, T2DM only, or neither T2DM/CVD. Propensity score matching and multivariable analyses were performed to control for differences in baseline characteristics. Study outcomes included all-cause and COVID-19-related HCRU and costs.

Results

In all, 321 232 COVID-19 patients were identified (21 651 with T2DM + CVD, 28 184 with T2DM only, and 271 397 with neither T2DM/CVD). After matching, 6967 patients were in each group. Before matching, 46.0% of patients in the T2DM + CVD cohort were hospitalized for any cause, compared with 18.0% in the T2DM-only cohort and 6.3% in the neither T2DM/CVD cohort; the corresponding values after matching were 34.2%, 26.0%, and 21.2%. The proportion of patients with emergency department visits, telehealth visits, or use of skilled nursing facilities was higher in patients with COVID-19 and T2DM + CVD compared with the other cohorts. Average all-cause costs during follow-up were 12 324,7882, and $7277 per-patient-per-month after matching for patients with T2DM + CVD, T2DM-only, and neither T2DM/CVD, respectively. COVID-19-related costs contributed to 78%, 75%, and 64% of the overall costs, respectively. The multivariable model showed that per-patient-per-month all-cause costs for T2DM + CVD and T2DM-only were 54% and 21% higher, respectively, than those with neither T2DM/CVD after adjusting for residual confounding.

Conclusion

HCRU and costs in patients were incrementally higher with COVID-19 and pre-existing T2DM + CVD compared with those with T2DM-only and neither T2DM/CVD, even after accounting for baseline differences between groups, confirming that pre-existing T2DM + CVD is associated with increased HCRU and costs in COVID-19 patients, highlighting the importance of proactive management.