Research Progress in Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia: A Narrative Review.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is an immune disorder characterized by maternal antibodies that destroy fetal platelets, leading to thrombocytopenia. The prevalence of NAIT is approximately 0.05% to 0.15%. Fetal and neonatal severe thrombocytopenia represents the most common form of the disease, primarily occurring in firstborn children. It poses a greater risk and harm to the fetus and newborn. Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage is a severe complication of NAIT, resulting in irreversible damage to cranial nerves and potential neonatal death.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the current advancements in the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, laboratory evaluation, and therapeutic interventions for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

METHODS: This narrative review explores neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia through a thorough literature review. The study encompasses the pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory examination, and treatment options associated with this condition.

RESULTS: The results of this study highlight that despite the extremely low incidence of NAIT, it carries a high risk. Currently, there is no timely and effective prevention method available. However, using HPA-1a as a screening item for prenatal prevention shows the potential to reduce the mortality rate of NAIT fetuses. Further research is required to evaluate its accuracy and specificity.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this review emphasize the need for further research to develop effective prevention methods. The use of HPA-1a as a screening tool holds promise but requires additional investigation. Enhancing clinical understanding of NAIT will contribute to improved management and outcomes for affected infants.