Polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance: A focus on pathogenesis, risk factors, and therapeutic strategies.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder characterized by significant reproductive and metabolic complications. Insulin resistance (IR) plays a central role in the pathophysiology of PCOS and contributes to several associated metabolic abnormalities. This review highlights the key mechanisms underlying PCOS, including IR, hyperandrogenism, cardiovascular disease, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and the increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), along with current and emerging therapeutic strategies for improving disease outcomes. Accumulating evidence suggests that genetic predisposition contributes to PCOS susceptibility. Polymorphisms in genes such as the androgen receptor (AR), cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17), and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) have been associated with altered steroidogenesis and ovarian dysfunction, thereby influencing disease severity. In addition to genetic factors, environmental influences, including exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and air pollution, may exacerbate metabolic disturbances and increase the risk of developing PCOS. Conventional therapeutic approaches focus on improving insulin sensitivity and correcting hormonal imbalances. These include pharmacological treatments such as metformin, oral contraceptives, and lifestyle modifications involving diet and physical activity. Recently, novel therapeutic strategies have emerged, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), microRNA-based therapies, and interleukin-22 (IL-22)-mediated interventions, which show potential in targeting IR and metabolic dysfunction in PCOS. Furthermore, modulation of gut microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) represents an emerging strategy for restoring metabolic homeostasis. Overall, a comprehensive and personalized therapeutic approach integrating pharmacological, lifestyle, and microbiome-targeted interventions may significantly improve PCOS management and reduce long-term metabolic and reproductive complications.