Epidemiological aspects of Balkan endemic nephropathy in a typical focus in Yugoslavia.

Balkan endemic nephropathy is a noninflammatory bilateral kidney lesion that affects rural populations in several circumscribed areas of the Balkans. Its etiology is still not understood, but recently it has been associated with exposure to nephrotoxic mycotoxins. It has been known to be present since the mid-1950s in 14 villages in an endemic area of Croatia, where approximately 10,000 people are at risk. Its prevalence fluctuates between 0.4 and 8.3%, showing a slight decline in recent years, but it has not disappeared from any of the endemic villages. The occurrence of the disease in several ethnic groups contradicts the hypothesis of a primary hereditary basis for Balkan endemic nephropathy. Recently, evidence has been found of an extremely high incidence of urinary tract tumours in the endemic area, and particularly of urothelial tumours of the pelvis and ureter. There may therefore be a common causative agent for these two rare diseases.