Multi-segment foot kinematics during running and its association with striking patterns.

There is an ongoing debate regarding the advantages and harms of different running striking patterns. The purpose of this study was to explore the kinematic differences between running with a midfoot- and rearfoot striking (RFS) pattern.Multi-segment foot kinematics of 12 students were assessed while running barefoot at 3.3 m/s (±10%) using a passive optoelectronic motion analysis system. Participants performed multiple running trials while landing on the rearfoot and midfoot. Comparison of the kinematic waveforms was performed using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (1DSPM) (paired t-test). The inter-segment angle between the shank and calcaneus was found to be significantly more plantar-flexed, more inverted and more adducted in the midfoot striking (MFS) condition compared to the RFS pattern. The calcaneus-midfoot inter-segment angle was found to be more plantar-flexed in the MFS condition. The downward angulation of the metatarsals and the medial longitudinal arch angle in the late swing phase was found to be more pronounced during MFS. Differences between midfoot and RFS patterns occur in the first sub-phase of stance (0-50% of the stance phase).These findings may be of interest for the kinesiopathological or pathokinesiological reasoning processes when facing foot- and lower limb-related running injuries.