Artificial thrombus: Directional channels sponge adsorbing Mn-doped bioactive glass nanofibers for non-compression hemostasis and wound healing.

The control of major bleeding in accidents or clinical settings is a critical area that needs to be developed in the current medical field. Cryogel sponges have excellent hemostasis and wound healing potential due to its high porosity and water absorption. Here, a composite sponge (HH-MnBGs+) of natural polymer and positively charged Mn-doped bioactive glass nanofibers (MnBGs+) was prepared. The main body of sponge is composed of hyaluronic acid (HA) and hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS). The directional channels are constructed through directional freezing method and they can absorb water more quickly through capillary action. MnBGs+ were prepared by electrospinning methods and quaternized with silane coupling agents and adsorbed onto the surface of the channels through electrostatic interactions to facilitate rapid contact between them and blood or tissue. These multifunctional nanofibers adsorbed in the channel can respond to the external environment in a timely manner and achieve multifunctionality in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, and healing promotion. When blood flowed into the channel, red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets were adsorbed on the surface of channel and form the artificial thrombus. Moreover, MnBGs+ can effectively alleviate inflammation and promote wound healing by removing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accelerating angiogenesis. Thus, HH-MnBGs+ sponge has a great potential for application in non-compression hemostasis and wound healing.