Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries in Children and Adolescents.

Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tears can cause ulnar-sided wrist pain in children and adolescents following acute rotational injury or prior distal radius fracture. Surgical treatment, guided by the Palmer classification, is considered after activity modification and occupational therapy. All concomitant wrist pathologies, such as distal radioulnar joint instability, ulnocarpal impaction, and distal radius malunion, must be recognized and addressed at the time of TFCC debridement or repair. This article reviews recent literature guiding clinical evaluation and surgical treatment of children and adolescents with TFCC injuries. The authors' techniques for arthroscopic-assisted outside-in repair of Palmer 1B and 1D tears are described.