Quinoline-Thiourea Conjugate: A Dual-Modal Fluorescent Chemosensor for Selective Detection of Mercury and Cyanide Ions in Seafood, Soil, and Biological Systems.

A quinoline-thiourea conjugate probe, AQS, was developed to selectively detect Hg2+ and CN- ions in a DMSO:H2O (1:1) buffer solution using fluorescence spectroscopy. Probe AQS, upon binding with Hg2+, the photon-induced electron transfer (PET) process is inhibited, assisted by the restriction of the C-N bond rotation resulting in significantly enhanced fluorescence intensity. Conversely, CN- binding to the two NH groups triggers electron transfer from hydrogen to CN-, modulating the PET process and enabling the quenching of fluorescence of the probe AQS. The binding stoichiometry of probe AQS with Hg2+ and CN- was determined to be 1:1 and 1:2, respectively, using Job's plot method. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations yielded energy gaps of 3.792 eV for probe AQS, and 0.758 and 0.711 eV for AQS-Hg2+ and AQS-CN- complexes, respectively. The sensor AQS demonstrated practical applicability in detecting Hg2+ in real-world samples, including water, soil, and seafood, using PVA-coated gloves. The probe AQS successfully sensed mercury ions in E. coli bacterial cells, as visualized through laser confocal scanning microscopy, showcasing its potential for biological applications.