Early management and long-term outcomes in primary vesico-ureteric reflux.

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Despite evolving understanding of pathogenesis and natural history, controversy exists regarding management of childhood vesicoureteric reflux. Surgical correction of the reflux itself may reduce risk of upper tract complications in some but may not in itself constitute appropriate management of lower tract morbidity in many. This review examines the evidence for early management and long term outcomes in primary vesicoureteric reflux. Primary vesico-ureteric reflux is a common condition in childhood associated with bladder dysfunction and an increased risk of urinary tract infection. Recent evidence indicates a lower tract functional abnormality in its pathogenesis. Whilst spontaneous resolution will occur in many, some patients will go on to develop complications in adulthood including reflux nephropathy, hypertension, urinary tract infection, bladder dysfunction and complications of pregnancy. An evolving understanding of the natural history has seen radical changes in management. Evidence for management of the child with primary vesico-ureteric reflux is reviewed with a focus on the implications on long-term outcomes in adulthood.