Yeast strain development and process intensification in high-gravity fermentation.

High- and very-high-gravity (HG/VHG) fermentation increases substrate loading and product titers, thereby improving fermenter utilization and potentially reducing water use and downstream processing requirements. Initially developed for brewing and fuel ethanol production, these approaches are now applied more broadly in food, beverage, and bioproduct manufacturing. This MiniReview summarises operational definitions and industrial drivers of HG/VHG fermentation and examines the associated constraints in rheology, mass and heat transfer, osmotic and ethanol stress, nutrient availability, and oxidative damage. Yeast improvement strategies are reviewed, including adaptive laboratory evolution, mutagenesis, genome shuffling, multiplex genome editing, non-conventional yeasts, and multi-omics-guided selection. Process developments such as no-cook simultaneous liquefaction, saccharification and fermentation, enzyme formulation, nutrient management, and in situ product recovery are considered together with applications in alcoholic beverages, organic acids, microbial lipids, and other value-added products. The review also discusses coproduct valorization and the need to integrate strain development with process design. Current evidence supports HG/VHG fermentation as a useful process-intensification platform, although performance and sustainability depend strongly on feedstock, operating conditions, product requirements, and the basis used to report fermentation outcomes.