Prevalent fungal pathogens and antifungal resistance in Lebanon: A scoping review.

Fungal infections are an increasing public health concern in Lebanon, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. Common pathogens include Candida albicans, C. glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabrata), C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and emerging C. krusei (Pichia Kudriavzevii), alongside dermatophytes such as Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton species. Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. tubingensis are the predominant causes of respiratory and systemic infections. Although azoles, echinocandins, and polyenes remain key antifungal agents, rising resistance particularly azole resistance in Aspergillus and echinocandin resistance in Candida poses a major therapeutic challenge.