Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2026
Unveiling the medicinal potential of Eremogone (Caryophyllaceae) in China: A comprehensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity.
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Cui Yaying, Ren Jiani, Xin Huawei, Shen Na, Cui Yulei
Аннотация
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Eremogone Fenzl (Caryophyllaceae) comprises 103 species worldwide, 30 of which are found in China. Several of these species, collectively referred to as "Xue Ling Zhi" in Tibetan medicine, have long been used to treat pulmonary diseases, inflammation, and fever. However, a comprehensive and critical review of their ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology is lacking.
AIM OF THE REVIEW: This is the first comprehensive review to critically assess traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of medicinal Eremogone species in China, to identify knowledge gaps, and to propose research priorities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted in Web of Science, Elsevier, CNKI, and PubMed (1970-2026). Classical texts of Tibetan, Mongolian, and Traditional Chinese Medicine were also consulted. Species names were verified using The Plant List, Flora of China, and POWO.
RESULTS: Among the 11 medicinally used Eremogone species, over 90% of the published studies have focused solely on E. kansuensis. Phytochemical investigations have identified 110 compounds, with characteristic flavonolignans and β-carboline alkaloids, along with flavonoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. Pharmacological studies validate traditional uses, showing anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-hypoxic, and anti-pulmonary fibrotic activities. Notably, the anti-inflammatory activity of β-carboline alkaloids is correlated with the number of carbonyl groups, and anti-fibrotic effects involve inhibition of TGF-β and NF-κB pathways. Toxicological data indicate that oral administration of E. kansuensis is safe, whereas its marked hemolytic activity precludes intravenous administration.
CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic potential of Eremogone species, particularly for high-altitude medicine, is linked to their unique chemical profiles shaped by extreme environmental conditions. This review reveals critical research gaps: 1) ten of the 11 medicinal species remain virtually unexplored; 2) most pharmacological studies lack deep mechanistic validation; 3) chronic toxicity data for isolated compounds are absent. Prioritising understudied species and rigorous structure-activity relationship studies will be essential for rational drug development from this genus.
AIM OF THE REVIEW: This is the first comprehensive review to critically assess traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of medicinal Eremogone species in China, to identify knowledge gaps, and to propose research priorities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted in Web of Science, Elsevier, CNKI, and PubMed (1970-2026). Classical texts of Tibetan, Mongolian, and Traditional Chinese Medicine were also consulted. Species names were verified using The Plant List, Flora of China, and POWO.
RESULTS: Among the 11 medicinally used Eremogone species, over 90% of the published studies have focused solely on E. kansuensis. Phytochemical investigations have identified 110 compounds, with characteristic flavonolignans and β-carboline alkaloids, along with flavonoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. Pharmacological studies validate traditional uses, showing anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-hypoxic, and anti-pulmonary fibrotic activities. Notably, the anti-inflammatory activity of β-carboline alkaloids is correlated with the number of carbonyl groups, and anti-fibrotic effects involve inhibition of TGF-β and NF-κB pathways. Toxicological data indicate that oral administration of E. kansuensis is safe, whereas its marked hemolytic activity precludes intravenous administration.
CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic potential of Eremogone species, particularly for high-altitude medicine, is linked to their unique chemical profiles shaped by extreme environmental conditions. This review reveals critical research gaps: 1) ten of the 11 medicinal species remain virtually unexplored; 2) most pharmacological studies lack deep mechanistic validation; 3) chronic toxicity data for isolated compounds are absent. Prioritising understudied species and rigorous structure-activity relationship studies will be essential for rational drug development from this genus.