Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026
Metabolic health conditions in pregnancy, human milk hormone concentrations, and infant adiposity.
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Keeney Clare, Young Bridget E, Shabanova Veronika, Taylor Sarah N, Buck Catherine O
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To explore differences in human milk hormones with metabolic conditions (obesity and/or diabetes) during pregnancy and the relationship with infant adiposity.
STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective cohort of term and preterm infants, hormones were measured in early human milk, and growth was assessed at discharge. Differences in hormones by metabolic conditions and the relationship with growth were modeled using quantile and linear regression.
RESULT: Among 38 infants (mean gestational age 35.2 weeks), 50% were in the metabolic-group. Milk leptin was higher in the metabolic-group, with median difference 427 pg/mL (95% CI: 3.2, 850.9). After adjustment for exposure to maternal milk, each 10-fold change in leptin related to 2.1 cm (95% CI: 0.3, 4.2) increase in abdominal circumference and each 10-fold change in insulin related to 1.1 cm (95% CI: 0.03, 2.1) increase in mid-arm circumference, while other effects were attenuated.
CONCLUSION: In this explorative study, leptin was higher in human milk from women with metabolic conditions, and human milk hormones predicted growth at discharge.
STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective cohort of term and preterm infants, hormones were measured in early human milk, and growth was assessed at discharge. Differences in hormones by metabolic conditions and the relationship with growth were modeled using quantile and linear regression.
RESULT: Among 38 infants (mean gestational age 35.2 weeks), 50% were in the metabolic-group. Milk leptin was higher in the metabolic-group, with median difference 427 pg/mL (95% CI: 3.2, 850.9). After adjustment for exposure to maternal milk, each 10-fold change in leptin related to 2.1 cm (95% CI: 0.3, 4.2) increase in abdominal circumference and each 10-fold change in insulin related to 1.1 cm (95% CI: 0.03, 2.1) increase in mid-arm circumference, while other effects were attenuated.
CONCLUSION: In this explorative study, leptin was higher in human milk from women with metabolic conditions, and human milk hormones predicted growth at discharge.