Pediatric and Geriatric Considerations.

Pediatric and geriatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients require age-specific considerations. This must occur at every juncture: preoperatively assessing frailty, intraoperatively with specific surgical considerations, post-operatively, during family discussions, and throughout the rehabilitation process. Both pediatric patients and patients over the age of 65 have an increased risk of infection as well as an increased risk of syndrome of the trephined. Long-term outcomes after pediatric and geriatric TBI (particularly in repetitive injury), the use of biomarkers for prognosis, optimal rehabilitation timing, and interventions to reduce socioeconomic disparities remain critical research areas.