Updates on Intraoperative Neurophysiology During Surgery for Spinal Dysraphism.

Spinal dysraphism is a group of disorders resulting from an embryologic failure of spinal cord development which can lead to a radicular-medullary mechanical stretch that generates vascular compromise and hypoxic-ischemic damage to the nervous structures of the conus-cauda region.Thus, the clinical relevance of the different types of spinal dysraphism is related to the possible neurologic deficits resulting from spinal cord tethering. The clinical presentation is heterogenous: from asymptomatic to very compromised patients. The indications and the time of a detethering surgery are still subject of debate, although there is an agreement on the high standards of treatment that have to be offered by the surgery. Intraoperative neurophysiology (ION) contributes to the safety of tethered cord surgery in reducing the risks of iatrogenic neurological damages.