Advances in Down Syndrome.

Trisomy 21 (T21) is the most common chromosomal disorder worldwide and the leading cause of intellectual disability. Individuals with T21 present with unique facial features, developmental challenges, and multiorgan system defects including cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, endocrine, neurologic, hematological, immunologic diseases, and other systems. We reviewed the latest changes and advances in T21 management over the last 10 years, focusing on new findings and improvements in diagnosing, preventing, and treating complications across different organ systems, which have led to a longer lifespan and better quality of life for children with T21.