Pediatric radiology · 2026
Reference values for mean diameter and cross-sectional area of the pulmonary arteries in teenagers using ECG-gated 3D balanced steady‑state free precession MRI.
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Kattainen Sara, Morin Cara E, Wang Shixuan, Pednekar Amol S, Kocaoglu Murat
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: The main pulmonary artery (MPA) and branch pulmonary arteries (PAs) are commonly affected in congenital heart diseases, with residual postoperative abnormalities, a leading cause of reintervention.
OBJECTIVE: To establish normative mean diameters, area and corresponding Z-scores for the MPA and branch PAs in teenagers, utilizing respiratory-navigated non-contrast ECG-gated 3D balanced steady-state free precession (3D bSSFP) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in systole.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with pectus excavatum deformity who underwent cardiac MRI between January and August 2023, excluding patients with aortopathies. Measurements of the PAs were obtained from non-contrast multiplanar reformatted 3D bSSFP datasets. Mean diameters and cross-sectional areas were calculated. Relationships between each vascular measurement and patient characteristics (age, height, and body surface area (BSA)) were assessed individually using weighted linear regression with inverse-density-based weights to account for data distribution. Additionally, Z-scores were calculated.
RESULTS: The study included 112 patients (91 males [81%]; mean age, 14.3±1.7 years; mean BSA, 1.63±0.2 m2). All vessel measurements showed a positive trend with body size (height and BSA). Across categorical age groups, however, they did not exhibit a monotonic increase with age. Across all models, BSA was a statistically significant independent predictor of PA dimensions (p<0.01), with stronger associations observed for cross-sectional area than for diameter. Height contributed minimally and was not an independent predictor. Branch PA measurements-particularly right pulmonary artery, and to a lesser extent left pulmonary artery-exhibited slightly better model fit than the MPA.
CONCLUSION: We report normative reference values for mean diameters and cross-sectional areas of the MPA and branch PAs in children 10-18 years, obtained using respiratory-navigated ECG-gated non-contrast-enhanced 3D bSSFP MRI technique in systole.
OBJECTIVE: To establish normative mean diameters, area and corresponding Z-scores for the MPA and branch PAs in teenagers, utilizing respiratory-navigated non-contrast ECG-gated 3D balanced steady-state free precession (3D bSSFP) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in systole.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with pectus excavatum deformity who underwent cardiac MRI between January and August 2023, excluding patients with aortopathies. Measurements of the PAs were obtained from non-contrast multiplanar reformatted 3D bSSFP datasets. Mean diameters and cross-sectional areas were calculated. Relationships between each vascular measurement and patient characteristics (age, height, and body surface area (BSA)) were assessed individually using weighted linear regression with inverse-density-based weights to account for data distribution. Additionally, Z-scores were calculated.
RESULTS: The study included 112 patients (91 males [81%]; mean age, 14.3±1.7 years; mean BSA, 1.63±0.2 m2). All vessel measurements showed a positive trend with body size (height and BSA). Across categorical age groups, however, they did not exhibit a monotonic increase with age. Across all models, BSA was a statistically significant independent predictor of PA dimensions (p<0.01), with stronger associations observed for cross-sectional area than for diameter. Height contributed minimally and was not an independent predictor. Branch PA measurements-particularly right pulmonary artery, and to a lesser extent left pulmonary artery-exhibited slightly better model fit than the MPA.
CONCLUSION: We report normative reference values for mean diameters and cross-sectional areas of the MPA and branch PAs in children 10-18 years, obtained using respiratory-navigated ECG-gated non-contrast-enhanced 3D bSSFP MRI technique in systole.