Investigation of therapeutic efficacy of intraperitoneal ketamine administration on the brain vascular system in rats with traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a condition characterized by high morbidity and mortality. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of ketamine on TBI through electrophysiological and immunohistochemical methods in a model of 30 rats divided into five equal groups. Following trauma, ketamine, mannitol, and hypertonic saline treatments were administered. Analyses conducted on the 10th day post-trauma revealed that ketamine most effectively reduced the expressions of HMGB1, S100b, RAGE, and EGR-1 across all treatment groups. Furthermore, EEG findings demonstrated a significant decrease in Delta/Alpha and Delta/Beta ratios in the ketamine group. These results suggest that ketamine exerts a healing effect on brain tissue by suppressing pathological delta waves and modulating the HMGB1/S100b/RAGE/EGR-1 signaling pathway.