Clinical application of "black bone" imaging in paediatric craniofacial disorders.

For decades, CT has been the primary imaging modality for the diagnosis and surveillance of paediatric craniofacial disorders. However, the deleterious effects of ionising radiation in the paediatric population are well established and remain an ongoing concern. This is especially so in the head and neck region, which has relatively poor soft tissue shielding with many radiosensitive organs. The development of "black bone" imaging utilising low flip angles and short echo time (TE) has shown considerable promise in alleviating the use of ionising radiation in many cases of craniofacial disorders. In this review article, we share our experience of utilising "black bone" sequence in children with craniofacial pathologies, ranging from traumatic injuries to craniosynostosis and focal osseous/fibro-osseous lesions such as fibrous dysplasia and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). A detailed discussion on the technical aspects of "black bone" sequence, including its potential pitfalls and limitations, will also be included.