Remaining microtia tissue as a source for 3D bioprinted elastic cartilage tissue constructs, potential use for surgical microtia reconstruction.

The absence of ears in children is a global problem. An implant made of costal cartilage is the standard procedure for ear reconstruction; however, side effects such as pneumothorax, loss of thoracic cage shape, and respiratory complications have been documented. Three-dimensional (3D) printing allows the generation of biocompatible scaffolds that mimic the shape, mechanical strength, and architecture of the native extracellular matrix necessary to promote new elastic cartilage formation. We report the potential use of a 3D-bioprinted poly-ε-caprolactone (3D-PCL) auricle-shaped framework seeded with remaining human microtia chondrocytes for the development of elastic cartilage for autologous microtia ear reconstruction. An in vivo assay of the neo-tissue formed revealed the generation of a 3D pinna-shaped neo-tissue, and confirmed the formation of elastic cartilage by the presence of type II collagen and elastin with histological features and a protein composition consistent with normal elastic cartilage. According to our results, a combination of 3D-PCL auricle frameworks and autologous microtia remnant tissue generates a suitable pinna structure for autologous ear reconstruction.