Case-control study learning module: Oluweafemi et al. (2026), The association between paternal race and ethnicity and a spectrum of birth defects in a national case-control study.

Educational Engagement Modules (EEMs) are teaching materials for educators and students that facilitate a deeper understanding of key epidemiological methods and concepts. Each EEM poses a series of questions using a recently published paper in Annals to further understanding of a specific study design or epidemiological concept and to encourage critical thinking and careful evaluation. This EEM focuses on case-control studies featuring the following article: Oluwafemi OO, Mitchell LE, Patel JR, Nembhard WN, Shaw GM, Olshan AF, Chen H, Agopian AJ. The association between paternal race and ethnicity and a spectrum of birth defects in a national case-control study. Ann Epidemiol. 2026 Feb;114:12-21. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2026.01.002. Epub 2026 Jan 7. PMID: 41513016.