Systematic review: Biopsychosocial factors related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children/adolescents with Neurofibromatosis type 1.

This systematic review was conducted to provide a comprehensive summary of biopsychosocial factors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1), and identify key limitations and gaps in the current literature. Systematic literature searches were conducted in Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global in March 2024. The searches identified 2345 unique articles. Two researchers independently screened articles and extracted data. Inclusion criteria were met by 68 articles. We synthesized results across studies in a narrative format, following the Guidance on the Conduct of Narrative Synthesis in Systematic Reviews. Based on the biopsychosocial model of mental health, we grouped study findings on factors associated with ADHD into broad categories of biological (n = 33), psychological (n = 47), and social factors (n = 13), which were further divided into subcategories. Findings varied across biopsychosocial factors, ADHD-related variables (inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity symptoms, or ADHD diagnosis), measurement methods, study designs, and statistical approaches. Psychological factors (e.g., executive functioning, IQ) were most commonly studied. Findings revealed consistent evidence for the link between informant-reported executive functioning problems and ADHD, whereas performance-based cognitive measures generally showed no significant associations. Most studies are cross-sectional and have small and nonrepresentative samples. Methodological limitations in previous studies hinder definitive conclusions on biopsychosocial factors associated with ADHD in NF1. Future research should use larger samples and longitudinal or experimental designs, explore understudied biological and social factors, and incorporate new technologies to improve understanding and interventions.