Phoma Fungi: Ecological Diversity, Specialized Metabolites, and Biological Activities.

Phoma species are globally widespread, thriving in a diverse array of ecological niches. Between 2020 and 2025, there were newly found Phoma species as endophytes (six species), saprophytes (three species), and pathogens (six species). Moreover, the genus Phoma is a treasure trove of bioactive specialized metabolites, holding significant potential for human applications. This article offers a comprehensive summary of 96 specialized metabolites identified within the genus Phoma, comprising 44 polyketides, 18 macrolides, 24 alkaloids, and 10 sterols. It provides detailed insights into their associated biological activities, including cytotoxicity, antifungal properties, and anti-angiogenic effects. This compilation is intended to lay a solid theoretical foundation for the exploitation and utilization of Phoma fungal resources.