Microtissue-Based Bioink as a Chondrocyte Microshelter for DLP Bioprinting.

Bioprinting specific tissues with robust viability is a great challenge, requiring a delicate balance between a densely cellular distribution and hydrogel network crosslinking density. Microtissues composed of tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells and extra cellular matrix (ECM) particles provide an alternative scheme for realizing biomimetic cell density and microenvironment. Nevertheless, due to their instability during manufacturing, scarce efforts have been made to date to assemble them using rapid prototyping methods. Here, a novel microtissue bioink with good printability and cellular viability maintenance for digital light processing (DLP) bioprinting is introduced. Generally, the microtissue bioink is prepared by crosslinking acellular matrix microparticles and GelMA hydrogel with a specific proportion. The microtissue bioink exhibits the desired mechanical properties, swelling ratio, and has almost no influences on printability. For instance, a DLP bioprinted ear with a precise auricle structure using microtia chondrocytes microtissue boink is created. Additionally, the chondrocytes in the printed ears show obvious advantages in cell proliferation in vitro and auricular cartilage regeneration in vivo. The microtissue composite bioink for DLP printing not only enables accurate assembly of organ building blocks but also provides a 3D shelter to ensure printed cells' viability.