All My Satisfaction was at Home, and All the Disappointment was Outside: LGBT Parenting in Heteronormative Slovakia.

Slovakia is one of the countries with the lowest rates of LGBTQ+ acceptance and high rates of hostility in the EU. LGBTQ+ people report stress from rejection and fears for their safety. Slovakia lacks legal recognition of same-sex marriage, partnerships, or kinship rights for sexual minorities. The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of LGBT parents and children raised by LGBT parents in Slovakia. Specifically: (1) their perceptions of the societal context and (2) the identity maintenance strategies they use to navigate both LGBT and parental identities. Thirty-two parents and four (former) children participated in either semi-structured interviews or focus groups. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and interpreted through Social Identity Theory. Participants described frequent instances of heteronormativity, both from outgroups and ingroups, which presented barriers either to starting a family, or to conducting family life. Strong identification with the parental identity contributed to overcoming heteronormative barriers. Mostly participants used strategies of social comparison, such as reframing the basis of comparison or the comparison group. Strategies of social mobility were experienced negatively, and strategies of social competition reflected the agency in reducing obstacles.