Pediatric genitourinary imaging.

The reviewed articles herein deal with morphologic as well as functional aspects of the pediatric genitourinary tract. Structural considerations, pathogenesis, and differential diagnostic criteria are the main focus in tumorous and nontumorous parenchymal and vascular diseases of the kidney and in malformations of the postrenal urinary and genital tracts including cloacal abnormalities. A number of case reports are included because they contain unusual yet important conditions and concepts of which the pediatric radiologist should be aware. Size, structure, and metabolic aspects of the adrenals and testes in congenital adrenal hyperplasia have been reported. Color Doppler ultrasonography in the context of acute scrotal disease was emphasized. Further diagnostic and therapeutic management of newborns and infants with prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis underline the importance and consequence of fetal ultrasonography. Interventional procedures are somewhat limited in children, but the development of the biopsy gun that is now used in renal biopsies is a major improvement with regard to time, effectiveness, and safety of the procedure. Studies on measurement and variations conclude this review.