Preventing mental health problems in mothers with a history of childhood abuse through reducing their risk of intimate partner violence: A causal mediation analysis in an Australian pregnancy cohort.

BACKGROUND

Women with a history of child maltreatment are more likely to experience intimate partner violence (IPV). Both are associated with poor mental health. Using causal mediation analysis, we aimed to estimate the potential reduction in mental health risk if mothers who experienced childhood abuse were not at increased risk of IPV.

METHODS

Data was from a pregnancy cohort (n = 1507) followed up at 1, 4, 10 years postpartum. Child physical/sexual abuse were retrospectively reported, IPV was measured at each follow-up, and mental health symptoms (any depressive, anxiety or post-traumatic stress symptoms) at 10 years. We used a simulation-based g-computation to estimate change in mental health symptoms (outcome) if the prevalence of IPV in 1st and/or 4th year postpartum (mediator) for women with a history of childhood abuse (exposure) was reduced to the level of women not reporting abuse, with adjustment for baseline and intermediate confounders.

FINDINGS: Childhood abuse led to increased IPV risk in 1st and/or 4th year postpartum (estimated risk ratio (RR):1.85; 95 %CI:1.59,2.12) and mental health problems at 10 years (RR:1.81; 95 %CI:1.49,2.13). For every 1000 mothers reporting childhood abuse, there were 140 extra cases (95 %CI:80,201) of mental health problems. Reducing their risk of IPV to that of women without an abuse history could prevent 31 (95 %CI:11,51) per 1000 of these cases (≈22 %).

INTERPRETATION: Reducing IPV risk in early motherhood for mothers with a history of childhood abuse could substantially reduce mental health burden, with early childhood intervention likely to amplify benefits. Multilevel, systemic efforts are needed to interrupt cycles of family violence.