Nature communications · 2026
An X-linked sex determination mechanism in cannabis and hop.
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Carey Sarah B, Bentz Philip C, Lovell John T, Akozbek Laramie M, Myers Zachary A, Korani Walid, Havill Joshua S, Padgitt-Cobb Lillian, Lynch Ryan C, Allsing Nicholas, Mangels Jack, Stansell Zachary, Stack George M, Gordon Tyler, Osmanski Austin, Easterling Katherine A, Orozco Leonardo R, Marcus Zach E, Hale Haley, McCoy Hannah, Meharg Zachary, Grimwood Jane, Smart Lawrence B, Vergara Daniela, Guerrero Rafael F, Kane Nolan C, Fletcher Rich, McKay John K, Michael Todd P, Muehlbauer Gary J, Clevenger Josh, Harkess Alex
Аннотация
Sex chromosomes in cannabis and hop were identified a century ago because of their obvious visible differences in size (heteromorphy). However, we know little about the genes they contain that control the development of the inflorescences. Here we assembled genomes, with phased sex chromosomes, for hop and cannabis. The XY chromosomes share an origin prior to the divergence between the genera around 36 MYA. Due to the inheritance patterns of the XYs, the male-specific region of the Y is highly-degenerated, with substantial gene loss, while the X shows faster rates of molecular evolution. Consistent with the hypothesis that these species lack an active-Y system, no clear sex-determining genes reside on the Y. Instead, an X-linked homolog of aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), that is involved in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, determines the fate of the female inflorescence. Beyond sex determination, the sex chromosomes contribute to the sexual dimorphism in ecology and physiology and have played a role in the domestication and breeding of these species.