Synthesis and Characterization of Biochar Obtained by Partial Delignification of Waste Biomass.

Biochar activation is achieved by removing tar formed in the pores during the thermal treatment of biomass, thereby increasing pore volume. This process typically involves entraining tar with steam at elevated temperatures for extended durations. In this study, a reduction in lignin content in grape seeds through partial solubilization, prior to thermal treatment, is proposed. Initially, grape seeds were treated with a basic sodium sulfide solution, followed by conditioning with either phosphoric acid or zinc chloride and then drying and calcination. The synthesized adsorbents were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), textural analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and evaluation of toluene adsorption capacity. Textural analysis indicated that conditioning with phosphoric acid or zinc chloride increased the specific surface area of biochar by over 20%, with a higher increase observed for phosphoric acid treatment. The toluene adsorption capacity of the adsorbents was assessed in a continuous fixed-bed system. Biochar pretreated with ZnCl2 exhibited an adsorption capacity of 0.11 cm3 of toluene per gram, while biochar pretreated with phosphoric acid demonstrated a capacity of 0.14 cm3 per gram. These results indicate that preliminary delignification of grape seed biomass maintains its adsorption capacity of toluene at levels comparable to other adsorbents, despite a lower activation temperature.