H2S-releasing nanoemulsions: a new formulation to inhibit tumor cells proliferation and improve tissue repair.

WNT5A is classified as a non-transforming WNT family member whose role in carcinogenesis is still ambiguous. It exhibits tumor suppressor activities in some cancers (thyroid, brain, breast and colorectum), but is aberrantly upregulated in cancers of lung, stomach and prostate. We investigated its epigenetic alterations and functions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). With semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR, we found that WNT5A was silenced or downregulated in 5 of 18 ESCC cell lines, but expressed in normal esophagus tissue and immortalized normal esophageal epithelial cell lines. Promoter CpG methylation of WNT5A was detected in 4 of the 5 downregulated ESCC cell lines, while 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment induced WNT5A expression and demethylated its promoter in silenced cell lines. WNT5A promoter methylation was frequently detected in primary ESCC (24/36, 67%), but less frequently and weakly in paired surgical marginal esophageal tissues (8/36, 22%; p < 0.01), while no methylation was detected in seven normal esophageal epithelial tissues from healthy donors. Ectopic expression of WNT5A resulted in significant inhibition of clonogenicity and motility of ESCC cells, accompanied by a dramatic decrease of intracellular β-catenin protein level and β-catenin transcriptional activity. In summary, we show that WNT5A is frequently silenced in ESCC by promoter methylation and exhibits tumor suppressor properties through antagonizing the WNT/β-catenin pathway. The epigenetic disruption of WNT5A would thus contribute directly to the aberrant activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling during ESCC pathogenesis.