Regulation of Intracuff Pressure by Measurement of the Ratio of Expiratory to Inspiratory Tidal Volumes.

INTRODUCTION

Endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff pressures that exceed 20-30 cmH2O may lead to iatrogenic adverse effects such as cough, sore throat, and tracheal edema or more serious complications including tracheal stenosis, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and tracheal rupture. The current study evaluates a novel technique, titration of the ratio of expiratory to inspiratory tidal volumes (TV), to regulate intracuff pressure.

METHODS

This prospective, cross-over trial measured intracuff pressure in a cohort of pediatric patients presenting for general anesthesia with an ETT. Intracuff pressure was measured following adjustment of the expiratory to inspiratory TV to various ratios (1.0, 0.9, and 0.8) by slow removal of air from the ETT cuff.

RESULTS

The study cohort included 50 patients with a median age of 12 years. At baseline continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), the median (IQR) intracuff pressure was 20.4 cmH2O (13.6, 28.8). The intracuff pressure decreased to 12.2 cmH2O (10.2, 18.4) at an expired tidal volume (TVe) to inspired tidal volume (TVi) ratio of 1, 8.9 cmH2O (7.4, 10.9) at 0.9, and to 8.2 cmH2O (6.8, 9.5) at a ratio of 0.8. With both the CPAP method and TVe/TVi ratio of 1, there were cuff pressures greater than 30 cmH2O (10 with CPAP and 2 with TVe/TVi ratio of 1). With a TVe/TVi ratio of 0.9 or 0.8, there were no cuff pressures greater than 30 cmH2O.

CONCLUSIONS

Adjustment of the TVe/TVi may be a more effective means of ensuring that the cuff pressure is in the desired range than other conventionally used clinical techniques such as sealing the airway to a CPAP of 20 cmH2O.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02768831.