Single-domain antibodies to reverse the effects of factor Xa inhibitors on coagulation tests.

BACKGROUND

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) interfere with coagulation assays, complicating the diagnosis of thrombophilia and lupus anticoagulants. Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) may be used to neutralize anticoagulant effects in vitro, thereby restoring physiological coagulation for accurate diagnostic testing.

OBJECTIVES

To develop and validate sdAbs specific to DOACs that inhibit factor Xa, specifically edoxaban, apixaban, and rivaroxaban.

METHODS

Llama-derived sdAbs specific to DOACs were selected via phage display. To enhance efficacy, bivalent sdAbs were engineered. Both single and bivalent forms were tested in healthy control plasma using various coagulation assays (thrombin generation, prothrombin time [PT], and activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT]), dilute Russell's viper venom time, and international normalized ratio. The ability of these specific sdAbs to reverse the effects of edoxaban, apixaban, and rivaroxaban was also evaluated in plasma samples from patients currently receiving these medications.

RESULTS

Antiedoxaban, antiapixaban, and antirivaroxaban sdAbs achieved reversal of edoxaban, apixaban, and rivaroxaban, respectively, as demonstrated by thrombin generation, PT, APTT, dilute Russell's viper venom time, and international normalized ratio assays for both the single and bivalent variants. Specifically, each anti-DOAC sdAb effectively reversed the effects of its respective DOAC on lag time and peak thrombin levels, without overshooting a prothrombotic response. Furthermore, in plasma from edoxaban-, apixaban-, or rivaroxaban-treated patients, the corresponding sdAbs restored both PT and APTT.

CONCLUSIONS

We selected and validated sdAbs that specifically reverse the inhibitory effects of edoxaban, apixaban, and rivaroxaban, without procoagulant activity. These low-cost reversal agents work directly on plasma or whole blood without incubation or preanalytical steps. They enable rapid, reliable baseline coagulation testing in patients treated with these DOACs.