Ethical Considerations in Surgery for Single-suture Craniosynostosis.

Singe-suture craniosynostosis (SSC) describes the premature fusion of one cranial suture, which restricts cranial growth and consequently results in unaffected regions presenting a compensatory expansion. Surgery can redistribute intracranial volume, reduce the risk of elevated intracranial pressure, and improve head shape, potentially leading to improved neurocognitive function and social acceptance. However, there is limited evidence that surgery for SSC improves neurocognitive function and social acceptance. Given the inherent surgical risks and uncertainty of outcomes, the conditions under which this surgery should be allowed remain uncertain. Here, we discuss ethical questions regarding the permissibility of surgery, value of neurocognitive function and social acceptance, research ethics associated with SSC, patient autonomy and parental roles, and the process of recommending surgery and obtaining consent. Because surgery for SSC has become a routine procedure, its practice now presents a relatively low risk of complications. Furthermore, having acquired an understanding of the risks associated with this surgery, such knowledge fulfils the principle of non-maleficence although not beneficence. Thus, we advocate that surgery should only be offered within Institutional Review Board-approved research projects. In these situations, decisions concerning enrollment in scientific research involves health care providers and parents or guardians of the child, with the former acting as gate-keepers upon recognition of a lack of coping skills on the part of the parent or guardian in dealing with unforeseen outcomes. To minimize associated surgical risks and maximize its benefits, there exists a moral obligation to refer patients only to highly specialized centers.