Bioremediation of tetrachloroethylene-contaminated groundwater in a model aquifer: effects on green frogs (Rana clamitans) and Xenopus laevis as potential wetland receptors.

Recent regulations require that the ecological effects of microorganisms introduced into the environment, such as for groundwater bioremediation, be assessed prior to their utilization. A native anuran (Rana clamitans) and a model anuran (Xenopus laevis) were used as potential wetland receptors of tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated groundwater, undergoing three bioremediation treatments: natural attenuation (NA), biostimulation (ST), and bioaugmentation (AU). Eggs of both species were exposed acutely (96 h) to remediated effluents. Xenopus tadpoles were chronically exposed to the effluents for 100 days and were screened for the presence of bacterial pathogens. There was no impact on the survivorship of the frogs exposed either acutely or chronically to the NA, ST, or AU effluents; nor was there any evidence of bacterial infection found, with the exception of control individuals. The results of these exposures suggest that bioremediation with KB-1trade mark culture poses a minimal threat to anuran development and survivorship.