Effects of intestinal nematodes during lactation: consequences for host morphology, physiology and offspring mass.

Sublethal parasites are often assumed to have no detrimental effects on their host. However, the sublethal intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus affects both the morphology and the physiology of its laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) host and therefore has the potential to affect host life history. The objectives of the present study were to determine (1) whether lactating and non-lactating mice responded similarly to experimental infection with H. polygyrus and (2) whether the changes in morphology and physiology that occurred with parasite infection affected host reproductive performance. Parasitized mice had greater whole body mass as a result of greater lean mass compared with unparasitized mice. Parasitized mice had larger organs (spleen, stomach, cecum and small intestine) and a diminished rate of glucose transport by the small intestine compared with unparasitized mice. Lactating mice had larger organs (liver, kidney, spleen, heart, stomach, large intestine, cecum and small intestine), lean mass and whole body mass, but a similar rate of glucose transport compared with virgin mice. Resting metabolism increased with lactation but not with parasitism. Lactating and non-lactating mice responded similarly to parasite infection for most measured variables. Production of large litters was followed by production of small litters for parasitized but not unparasitized females. After adjusting for parity and litter size, parasitized mothers produced female pups that were 6% smaller at weaning than female pups from unparasitized mothers, but there was no effect of maternal parasite infection on mass at weaning for male pups. Other measures of reproductive output were not affected by parasite infection.