Recent advances in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of N- and O-glycans.

Protein N- and O-glycosylation are among the most common and essential post-translational modifications and are implicated in numerous physiological and pathological processes. The efficient assembly of structurally defined N- and O-glycans remains a major challenge due to their structural complexity and diversity. Integrating the flexibility of chemical synthesis and the high regio- and stereospecificity of enzymatic catalysis, chemoenzymatic synthesis represents a powerful strategy for constructing structurally defined N- and O-glycans. This review summarizes recent advances in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of N- and O-glycans, focusing on innovative synthetic strategies and the application of novel enzymes, and offers perspectives for future research directions in this field.