Atraumatic urethral catheterization of children.

Urethral catheterization is often perceived by the child and parents as an invasive and painful procedure. However, with adequate preparation of the child and skill on the part of the nurse, the discomfort and anxiety associated with catheter insertion can be dramatically reduced or avoided. Preparation of the child must be tailored to the child's developmental level as well as the parents' needs. Discomfort is minimized if the nurse chooses an appropriate size and type of catheter, and prepares the urethra with local anesthetic. Special strategies are necessary for children who have been sexually abused, children with myelodysplasia, those who have undergone urological surgery, and boys with epispadias or classic exstrophy.