Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2026
Comparative evaluation of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities in relation to lichen acid profiles in Xanthoparmelia verruculifera, X. delisei, and X. loxodes.
СтатьяСравнительное исследованиеНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Çoban Kübra Nur, Karatoprak Gökçe Şeker, İlgün Selen, Kocakaya Zekiye, Çadır Mehmet, Kocakaya Mustafa
Аннотация
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The genus Xanthoparmelia comprises more than 800 species worldwide, and several members have been traditionally used for wound healing and the management of inflammatory and rheumatic conditions.
AIM OF THE STUDY: To comparatively evaluate the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of three Xanthoparmelia species native to Türkiye and relate the observed bioactivities to their lichen acid profiles.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methanolic extracts of Xanthoparmelia verruculifera, X. delisei, and X. loxodes were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by measuring nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Cytotoxic effects were assessed in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using in vitro radical scavenging assays. Lichen acids were characterized by HPLC.
RESULTS: Among the tested extracts, X. verruculifera showed the strongest inhibition of NO production and reduction of TNF-α and PGE2 levels in RAW 264.7 cells. In cytotoxicity studies, X. delisei exhibited higher activity against MCF-7 cells, whereas X. verruculifera was more effective against MDA-MB-231 cells. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of usnic acid, gyrophoric acid, psoromic acid, fumarprotocetraric acid, protocetraric acid, stictic acid, norstictic acid, and salazinic acid across the extracts.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide experimental support for the ethnopharmacological relevance of Xanthoparmelia species and demonstrate species-dependent differences in bioactivity that are consistent with variations in lichen acid profiles.
AIM OF THE STUDY: To comparatively evaluate the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of three Xanthoparmelia species native to Türkiye and relate the observed bioactivities to their lichen acid profiles.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methanolic extracts of Xanthoparmelia verruculifera, X. delisei, and X. loxodes were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by measuring nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Cytotoxic effects were assessed in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using in vitro radical scavenging assays. Lichen acids were characterized by HPLC.
RESULTS: Among the tested extracts, X. verruculifera showed the strongest inhibition of NO production and reduction of TNF-α and PGE2 levels in RAW 264.7 cells. In cytotoxicity studies, X. delisei exhibited higher activity against MCF-7 cells, whereas X. verruculifera was more effective against MDA-MB-231 cells. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of usnic acid, gyrophoric acid, psoromic acid, fumarprotocetraric acid, protocetraric acid, stictic acid, norstictic acid, and salazinic acid across the extracts.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide experimental support for the ethnopharmacological relevance of Xanthoparmelia species and demonstrate species-dependent differences in bioactivity that are consistent with variations in lichen acid profiles.