GPCRs in traumatic brain or spinal injury.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the target for nearly one-third of currently marketed drugs. Central nervous system (CNS) impacts, for example traumatic brain injury (TBI), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), as well as spinal cord injury (SCI) frequently result in disability or death worldwide. In this review we aimed to discuss the role of GPCRs in traumatic brain and spinal injury. Firstly, we provide evidence that whether the endogenous ligands or the expression of GPCRs are changed upon trauma to the brain or spine. Secondly, we discuss potential benefits or detrimental effects of GPCR ligands against TBI or SCI in different in vitro, in vivo or clinical setting. Finally, we elaborate the signaling pathways related to the mechanisms of actions of these ligands.