Single-cell genotyping and transcriptomic profiling of mosaic focal cortical dysplasia.

Focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCDII) is a cortical malformation causing refractory epilepsy. FCDII arises from developmental somatic activating mutations in mTOR pathway genes, leading to focal cortical dyslamination and abnormal cytomegalic cells. Which cell types carry pathogenic mutations and how they affect cell-type-specific transcriptional programs remain unknown. In the present study, we combined several single-nucleus genotyping and transcriptomics approaches with spatial resolution in surgical cortical specimens from patients with genetically mosaic FCDII. Mutations were detected in distinct cell types, including glutamatergic neurons and astrocytes, and a small fraction of mutated cells exhibited cytomegalic features. Moreover, we identified cell-type-specific transcriptional dysregulations in both mutated and nonmutated FCDII cells, including synapse- and neurodevelopment-related pathways, that may account for epilepsy and dysregulation of mitochondrial metabolism pathways in cytomegalic cells. Together, these findings reveal cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous features of FCDII that may be leveraged for precision medicine.