The amelioration of hepatocyte oxidative stress injury by nitric oxide released from S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine: a study in immobilized perfused hepatocytes.

BACKGROUND: Kidney disease has become a growing public health problem worldwide, and there is an urgent need to develop reliable models for investigating novel and effective treatment strategies. In recent years, kidney organoids, as novel models different from traditional two-dimensional cells and model animals, have attracted more and more attention. Current advances have allowed the generation of kidney organoids from the directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which possess similar characteristics to embryonic stem cells, but bypass ethical constraints and have a wide range of sources.

SUMMARY: Herein, the methods of generating renal organoids from iPSCs, the applications of iPSC-derived renal organoids in disease modeling, drug effectiveness detection, and regenerative medicine as well as the challenges were reviewed.

KEY MESSAGES: iPSC-derived renal organoids can be used to model kidney diseases and are great models for studying kidney injury and toxicity. Many efforts are needed to finally apply organoids into clinical application.