The child with a syndrome: considerations for management in the emergency department.

Children with syndromes often access emergency services and they may present unique challenges for emergency clinicians. This issue reviews 3 pediatric syndromes-spina bifida, Down syndrome, and Marfan syndrome-each of which are associated with unique emergent conditions. Patients with spina bifida have chronic colonization of bacteria in the urine, and antibiotics are not always needed. Children with Down syndrome are at risk for neurologic injury with minor trauma; advanced imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging may be needed in select cases. For children in whom a connective tissue disorder is suspected, aortic dissection and spontaneous pneumothorax must be considered. This issue reviews the pitfalls in interpreting routine testing and discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches helpful in evaluating children with syndromes.