Long-Acting Lipoglycopeptide Treatment of Invasive Gram-Positive Infections.

Gram-positive infections continue to pose a therapeutic challenge owing to their invasive nature (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and eradication difficulties (e.g., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] and vancomycin-resistant enterococci [VRE]). Long-acting lipoglycopeptides (laLGPs) present an effective and conveniently dosed option for the treatment of most invasive Gram-positive pathogens. Improved compliance monitoring associated with their infrequent intravenous dosing, that is not available to such degree with more frequently dosed antimicrobials outside of inpatient settings, is another benefit of laLGPs over more frequently dosed antimicrobials. In this article, we provide a narrative review, including the pharmacological characteristics of dalbavancin (DAL) and oritavancin (ORI), the only currently available laLGPs, as well as their approved and "off-label" use reported in the literature to date. We discuss their respective mechanism of action, caveats in compartments where they do not achieve sufficient concentrations (i.e., central nervous system [CNS]; potentially pneumonias with ORI), as well as their reported efficacy in individual organ systems as reported in literature. Lastly, we summarize insights about laLGP use in special populations and discuss the benefits of therapeutic drug monitoring of these agents, mainly in conditions requiring prolonged therapy (e.g., hardware-associated orthopedic infections).