Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2026
Fast Submillimeter Whole-Brain T2*-Weighted Imaging Using 3D-EPI With CAIPIRINHA and Deep-Learning Denoising at 3T.
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Nair Sreekanth Madhusoodhanan, Quah Bryan, Song Jae W, Jin Jin, Gao Chang, Han Fei, Luskin Elaina, Luu Michael, Renner Brian, Liu Ke Cheng, Patil Sunil, Derbyshire John A, Sakaie Ken, Lee Jonathan, Elliott Mark A, Shinohara Russell T, Schindler Matthew K, Bilello Michel, Kaisey Marwa, Al-Louzi Omar, Binesh Nader, Maya Marcel, Li Debiao, Solomon Andrew J, Reich Daniel S, Sicotte Nancy L, Lowe Mark J, Ontaneda Daniel, Sati Pascal
Аннотация
PURPOSE: Recent updates to the diagnostic criteria of multiple sclerosis (MS) require whole-brain T2*-weighted (T2*w) imaging with submillimeter resolution to detect novel diagnostic biomarkers such as the central vein sign. However, to achieve the needed submillimeter spatial resolution, conventional T2*w 3D gradient-echo scans sequences are limited by prohibitively long scan times for clinical use. Here, we evaluated a different approach based on a segmented 3D echo planar imaging (3D-EPI) sequence, accelerated with 2D Controlled Aliasing in Parallel Imaging Results in Higher Acceleration (CAIPIRINHA) undersampling and denoised with a deep learning-based network.
METHODS: Fifty-two research participants were imaged at 3T using the 3D-EPI sequence acquired at different CAIPIRINHA acceleration factors (R = 2, 3, and 4) and denoised using a dedicated denoising convolutional neural network (DnCNN). Quantitative assessment of the accelerated T2*w 3D-EPI scans, before and after denoising, was performed using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), and tissue contrasts. A neuroradiologist separately assessed image quality in a blinded manner using predetermined scoring criteria.
RESULTS: T2*w 3D-EPI with CAIPIRINHA acceleration enabled fast submillimeter isotropic (0.65 mm) imaging of the entire brain with scan times ranging between 3 min 22 s (R = 2) down to 1 min 56 s (R = 4). Even for the fastest scan (R = 4), accelerated T2*w 3D-EPI images denoised with DnCNN exhibited superior PSNR (3 dB increase), SSIM (13% increase) and lesion-to-vein tissue contrast (9% increase) compared to the non-denoised images.
CONCLUSIONS: The 3D-EPI sequence combined with CAIPIRINHA and deep learning denoising enables fast submillimeter whole-brain T2*w imaging at 3T.
METHODS: Fifty-two research participants were imaged at 3T using the 3D-EPI sequence acquired at different CAIPIRINHA acceleration factors (R = 2, 3, and 4) and denoised using a dedicated denoising convolutional neural network (DnCNN). Quantitative assessment of the accelerated T2*w 3D-EPI scans, before and after denoising, was performed using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), and tissue contrasts. A neuroradiologist separately assessed image quality in a blinded manner using predetermined scoring criteria.
RESULTS: T2*w 3D-EPI with CAIPIRINHA acceleration enabled fast submillimeter isotropic (0.65 mm) imaging of the entire brain with scan times ranging between 3 min 22 s (R = 2) down to 1 min 56 s (R = 4). Even for the fastest scan (R = 4), accelerated T2*w 3D-EPI images denoised with DnCNN exhibited superior PSNR (3 dB increase), SSIM (13% increase) and lesion-to-vein tissue contrast (9% increase) compared to the non-denoised images.
CONCLUSIONS: The 3D-EPI sequence combined with CAIPIRINHA and deep learning denoising enables fast submillimeter whole-brain T2*w imaging at 3T.