Sex differences in associations between body composition and cardiometabolic indicators in Chinese children: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES

Obesity is a growing global public health problem that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of body composition on cardiometabolic indicators in children.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional analysis.

SETTING

China, the Beijing Children and Adolescents Health Cohort Study between 2022 and 2023.

PARTICIPANTS

This cross-sectional study included 5555 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years from 11 kindergartens and schools.

OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured body composition using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and assessed the cardiometabolic indicators, including blood pressure, plasma glucose and lipids. Linear regression and binary logistic regression were performed to assess the associations between body composition and cardiometabolic abnormalities.

RESULTS

In boys, fat mass index (FMI) was positively correlated with total cholesterol (TC) (in normal fat-free mass (FFM) group, β=0.036, 95% CI 0.027 to 0.046; in high FFM group, β=0.034, 95% CI 0.016 to 0.051) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (in normal FFM group, β=0.019, 95% CI 0.012 to 0.026; in high FFM group, β=0.030, 95% CI 0.005 to 0.054). FFMI was negatively associated with TC only in the normal fat group (β=-0.047, 95% CI -0.069 to -0.034) in boys. However, in girls, FMI was not significantly associated with TC and was positively associated with FPG only in the normal FFM group (β=0.033, 95% CI 0.024 to 0.041), and FFMI was negatively correlated with TC (in normal fat group, β=-0.058, 95% CI -0.079 to -0.038; in high fat group, β=-0.049, 95% CI -0.084 to -0.015). Normal FFM-high fat (OR=2.065, 95% CI 1.379 to 3.091) and increased visceral fat region (OR=1.357, 95% CI 1.195 to 1.540) were risk factors for high TC in boys but not in girls.

CONCLUSIONS

Body composition was significantly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, and fat stored in different regions has differential influences on cardiometabolic indicators. There were sex differences in the relationships between body composition and cardiometabolic indicators. The findings suggest that body composition is more strongly correlated with cardiometabolic indicators in boys than in girls. Prevention of obesity and cardiometabolic abnormalities may be more important in boys.