Multiple endpoints analysis of the effects of diesel oil on a commercial species, Carcinus maenas.

Fuel spills in marine environments pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems, evidencing the intricate relationship between fuel utilization and its impact on benthic species of commercial value for human consumption. This interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental welfare falls within the One Health framework. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicological effects of diesel oil on the green crab Carcinus maenas, and make a parallelism between tested concentrations and petrogenic hydrocarbon levels in natural environments. Mortality, locomotion and feeding behavior, molting, somatic growth, morphological malformations, stress biomarkers, and nutritional variables were analyzed in three different bioassays. In Bioassay 1, prepuberal females were exposed to diesel oil water accommodated fraction (WAF) to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) at different periods. In Bioassay 2, prepuberal females were exposed to 168 h LC50 and LC25 of diesel oil WAF for 7 days, and were subsequently exposed to clean water. In Bioassay 3, prepuberal females were exposed to 168 h LC12 and LC6 of diesel oil WAF for 30 days. Petrogenic hydrocarbon levels in the field were quantified at a port and a nature reserve, with concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons being 1.92 μg/g in the former and below 0.01 μg/g in the latter. In Bioassay 1, the 168 h LC50 was estimated to be 1.04 % of diesel oil. The results obtained in Bioassays 2 (LC50 and LC25) and Bioassays 3 (LC12 and LC6) suggest that environmental exposure to petrogenic hydrocarbons produces high mortality or interferes with the molting process of crabs, leading to reduced growth and developmental abnormalities. Such malformations were observed in chelipeds, pereiopods, gills chambers and eye peduncles, and affected feeding and locomotion behaviors. Overall, this could impact on population size and health, and consequently alter the ecological role and commercial exploitation of economically important species like C. maenas.