Advancements in 3D modeling technologies for congenital heart disease: integrating 3D printing, virtual reality, and holograms.

This review examines the application of advanced imaging technologies in pediatric cardiology, focusing on enhancing the visualization of cardiovascular anatomy in congenital heart disease (CHD). It provides an overview of key factors for adopting these tools in clinical practice, such as software options, cost considerations, and resource requirements across healthcare settings, from small, resource-limited centers to larger institutions. Emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration, the paper highlights the roles of pediatric radiologists, cardiologists, engineers, and physicians with expertise in computer-aided design (CAD) for effective implementation. The review covers a range of imaging tools, from low-cost virtual reality, mixed reality, and three-dimensional (3D) printing to more advanced technologies, and explores their clinical applications in CHD. Through a literature analysis, the paper offers practical insights to help integrate and optimize these technologies, aiming to improve diagnostic accuracy and patient care.