Iatrogenic air embolism: pathoanatomy, thromboinflammation, endotheliopathy, and therapies.
СтатьяОбзорНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Marsh Phillip L, Moore Ernest E, Moore Hunter B, Bunch Connor M, Aboukhaled Michael, Condon Shaun M, Al-Fadhl Mahmoud D, Thomas Samuel J, Larson John R, Bower Charles W, Miller Craig B, Pearson Michelle L, Twilling Christopher L, Reser David W, Kim George S, Troyer Brittany M, Yeager Doyle, Thomas Scott G, Srikureja Daniel P, Patel Shivani S, Añón Sofía L, Thomas Anthony V, Miller Joseph B, Van Ryn David E, Pamulapati Saagar V, Zimmerman Devin, Wells Byars, Martin Peter L, Seder Christopher W, Aversa John G, Greene Ryan B, March Robert J, Kwaan Hau C, Fulkerson Daniel H, Vande Lune Stefani A, Mollnes Tom E, Nielsen Erik W, Storm Benjamin S, Walsh Mark M
Аннотация
Iatrogenic vascular air embolism is a relatively infrequent event but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. These emboli can arise in many clinical settings such as neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, and liver transplantation, but more recently, endoscopy, hemodialysis, thoracentesis, tissue biopsy, angiography, and central and peripheral venous access and removal have overtaken surgery and trauma as significant causes of vascular air embolism. The true incidence may be greater since many of these air emboli are asymptomatic and frequently go undiagnosed or unreported. Due to the rarity of vascular air embolism and because of the many manifestations, diagnoses can be difficult and require immediate therapeutic intervention. An iatrogenic air embolism can result in both venous and arterial emboli whose anatomic locations dictate the clinical course. Most clinically significant iatrogenic air emboli are caused by arterial obstruction of small vessels because the pulmonary gas exchange filters the more frequent, smaller volume bubbles that gain access to the venous circulation. However, there is a subset of patients with venous air emboli caused by larger volumes of air who present with more protean manifestations. There have been significant gains in the understanding of the interactions of fluid dynamics, hemostasis, and inflammation caused by air emboli due to in vitro and in vivo studies on flow dynamics of bubbles in small vessels. Intensive research regarding the thromboinflammatory changes at the level of the endothelium has been described recently. The obstruction of vessels by air emboli causes immediate pathoanatomic and immunologic and thromboinflammatory responses at the level of the endothelium. In this review, we describe those immunologic and thromboinflammatory responses at the level of the endothelium as well as evaluate traditional and novel forms of therapy for this rare and often unrecognized clinical condition.