Hemorrhagic cystitis: a review of the literature and treatment options.

INTRODUCTION

Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a morbid condition for patients and can be challenging for urologists to manage. There are many potential contributing etiologies and the severity of bleeding can be variable. It is important to consider each clinical scenario when formulating management strategies in order to provide the highest quality of care to patients. We provide a review of the literature including diagnosis and treatment options.

MATERIALS AND

METHODS

We performed a literature search on PubMed using the following keywords: hemorrhagic cystitis, cystitis, gross hematuria, intractable hematuria. We considered all available published articles with no specific inclusion or exclusion criteria for the purposes of this review.

RESULTS

We reviewed a total of 41 articles and identified a broad differential diagnosis for intractable hemorrhagic cystitis including infection, chemical exposure, malignancy, nephropathy, trauma, radiation therapy, and idiopathic etiology. Depending on the severity of bleeding, many treatments have been described. These range from conservative strategies (bladder fulguration and continuous irrigation) to more extreme and morbid therapies (intravesical instillations, embolization, and urinary diversion).

CONCLUSION

Hemorrhagic cystitis is a relatively common and can be a difficult condition to manage for urologists. It is important to understand the etiology and available treatments options in order to best treat our patients. We provide a comprehensive and thorough review of the literature and propose a stepwise treatment approach.